语言学名词解释

2024年3月7日发(作者：上海大众汽车价格图片)

1、Language is a

system of arbitrary

vocal symbols used for

human communication.2、Phonology is the

study of the sound

systems of language,

aims to discover how

speech sounds in a

language form patterns

and how these sounds

are used to convey

meaning in linguistic

communication.

3、A phoneme is a

phonological unit

which is of distinctive

value. It is an abstract

unit. It is not any

particular sound, but

rather it is represented

or realized by a certain

phone in a certain

phonetic context.

4、Minimal pairs

最小对立体When two

different forms (word

forms) are identical in

every way except for

one sound segment

which occurs in the

same place in the

strings, the two forms

are said to form a

minimal pair.5、Free variants

自由变体 If two

sounds occurring in the

same environment

(phonetic environment)

do not contrast, that is,

the substitution of one

for the other does not

produce a different

word form, but merely

a different

pronunciation of the

same word, then the

two sounds are said to

be free variants.6、Complementary

distribution

互补分布When two

sounds never occur in

the same environment,

they are said to be in

complementary

Distribution.

7、suprasegmental

features. The

phonemic features,

such as stress ,tone,

intonation ,that occur

above the level of the

segments are called

suprasegmental

features.8、Word is a unit of

expression which has

universal intuitive by

native speakers,

whether it is expressed

in spoken or written

is another

definition about the

word —the smallest of

the linguistic units

which can occur on its

own in speech or

writing.9、grammatical and

lexical word. In terms

of meaning expressed

by words, they can be

classified into

grammatical words and

lexical words. Those

which express

grammatical meanings,

such as, conjunctions,

prepositions, articles and

pronouns, are

grammatical words.

Those which have

lexical meaning, that is,

those which refer to

substance, action and

quality, such as nouns,

verbs, adjectives and

adverbs are lexical

words.

10、Morpheme is the

immediate concern of

morphology. It is the

smallest unit of language

in terms of relationship

between expression and

content, a unit that

cannot be divided into

smaller units without

destroying or drastically

altering the meaning,

whether it is lexical or

grammatical.

11、A free morpheme is

one that may constitute a

word by itself. A bound

morpheme is one that

can not be used by itself,

but must be combined

with other morphemes to

form words.12、Inflection is the

manifestation of

grammatical

relationships through the

addition of inflectional

affixes, such as

number, person,

finiteness, aspect, and

case which do not

change the grammatical

class of the stems to

which they are

attached.13、Compounds cover

a wide range of

different relations

between lexical words.

In a compound, the two

lexical morphemes can

be of different word

classes, for example,

noun nding is a

process in which two

different words are

joined together to

denote one thing.14、Derivation shows

the (lexical) relation

between roots and

affixes. In contrast with

inflections, derivation

can make the word

class of the original

word either changed or

unchanged, making a

distinction between

class-remaining

derivations and class-changing derivations.15、Syntagmatic

relation (Positional

relation) is a relation

between one item and

others in a sequence, or

between elements

which are all present.

16、The paradigmatic

relation (Relation of

Substitutability), also

called associative

relation by Saussure, is

a relation holding

between elements

replaceable with each

other at a particular

place in a structure, or

between one element

present and the others

absent.

17、An endocentric

construction is one

whose distribution is

functionally equivalent,

or approaching

equivalent, to one of its

constituents, which

serve as the center, or

head, of the whole.

18、Exocentric

construction is a

construction whose

distribution is not

functionally equivalent

to any of its

constituents.

19、Deep structure is

defined as the abstract

representation of the

syntactic properties of a

construction, i.e. the

underlying level of

structural relations

between its different

constituents, such as the

relation between the

underlying subject and

its verb, or a verb and

its object.20、Surface structure

is the final stage in the

syntactic derivation of a

construction, which

closely corresponds to

the structural

organization of a

construction people

actually produce or

receive.21、Synonymy is the

technical term for the

sameness relation. It

refers to the sameness or

close similarity of

meaning. Words that are

close in meaning are

called synonyms.

22、A pair of

complementary

antonyms is

characterized by the

feature that the denial of

one member implies the

assertion of the other.23、Hyponymy refers

to the sense relation

between a more general,

more inclusive word and

a more specific word. It

is a matter of class

membership. It

refers to the

meaning inclusion.

24、Homonymy refers

to the phenomenon that

words having different

meanings have the same

form, i.e. different words

are identical in sound or

spelling, or in both.