2024年3月19日发(作者：东风风行cm7怎么样)

How people make decisions:

1. people face tradeoffs

2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it

3. Rational people think at the margin

4. People respond to incentives

How people interact:

can make everyone better off

6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity

7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes

How the economy as A whole works:

8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods

and services

9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money

10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment

Key concepts:

Ability-to-pay principle（税收的）能力支付原则Absolute advantage绝对

优势Accounting profit会计利润Adverse selection逆向选择Agent代理人

Aggregate-demand curve总需求曲线Aggregate risk总体风险Aggregate-supply

curve总供给曲线Appreciation增值: Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可

能定理Average fixed cost平均固定成本Average evenue平均收益Average tax rate

平均税率Average total cost平均总成本Average variable cost平均可变成本

Automatic stabilizers自动稳定 Balance trade贸易平衡Benefits principle受

益原则Bond债券Budget constraint预算约束Budget deficit预算赤字Budget

surplus预算盈余: Business cycle经济周期Capital资产 Capital flight资本外

逃 Cartel 卡特尔 Catch-up effect: 追赶效应Central bank央行Circular-flow

diagram循环流向图Closed economy封闭经济Collective bargaining集体谈判

Commodity money: 商品货币Coase theorem科斯定理: Collusion共谋 Common

resources共同资源Comparative advantage比较优势Compensating differential

补偿性工资差别Competitive market竞争性市场Complements互补性商品Condorcet

paradox孔多塞悖论: the failure of majority rule to produce transitive

preferences for society. Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in,

say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn

additional interest in the future. Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变

Consumer price index (CPI):消费者价格指数Consumer surplus消费者剩余

Consumption消耗量Cost成本 Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析Crowding out

挤出效应Crowding-out effect财政政策Cross-price elasticity of demand需求

的交叉价格弹性Currency货币Cyclical unemployment周期性失业 Deadweight

loss无谓损失Demand curve需求曲线Demand deposits活期存款Demand schedule

需求表Depreciation折旧 Depression: 萧条Diminishing marginal product边际

产品递减Discrimination歧视Diseconomies of scale规模不经济Discount rate

折现率Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given

up looking for job. versification多样化: the reduction of risk achieved by

replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated

nt strategy占优策略Economic profit经济利润Economics经济学

Economies of scale规模经济Efficiency效率Efficiency wages效率工资

Efficient scale有效规模Elasticity弹性Equilibrium均衡Equilibrium price

均衡价格Equilibrium quantity均衡产量 Equity股权Excludability排他性

Explicit costs: 显性成本Export出口Externality外部Factors of production

生产要素Federal reserve (Fed) 美联储: the central bank of the united states。

Fiat money法定货币。Finance财政，金融Financial intermediaries金融中介机

构Financial markets金融市场Financial system金融系统Fisher effect费雪效

应Fractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a

fraction of deposits as reserves. Frictional unemployment: 摩擦性失业

Fundamental analysis基本面分析: Future value未来价值Fixed costs固定成本

Free rider搭便车Game theory博弈论GDP deflator平减物价指数Government

purchases政府支出Gross domestic product GDP。Horizontal equity: the idea

that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount。

Human capital人力资本Idiosyncratic risk个别风险Implicit costs隐性成本

Import quota进口配额Imports. Income effect. Income elasticity of demand

需求的收入弹性Indexation指数化Indifference curve无差异曲线Inferior good

劣等Inflation通货膨胀Inflation rate通货膨胀率Inflation tax通货膨胀税

Informationally efficient信息的高效率In-kind transfers实物转移

Internalizing an externality外部性内部化Investment投资Job search求职

labor force劳动力 Labor-force participation rate劳动力参与率Law of demand

需求Law of supply供应法Law of supply and demand供需法 Liberalism自由主

义Life cycle生命周期Liquidity流动性Lump-sum tax定额税Macroeconomics宏

观经济Marginal changes边际变化Marginal cost边际成本Marginal product边

际产品Marginal product of labor劳动的边际产品Marginal rate of substitution

边际替代率Marginal revenue边际收益Marginal tax rate边际税率Market市场

Market failure市场失灵Market for loanable funds可贷资金市场Market power

市场力Maximin criterion极大极小准则Median voter theorem中间选民定理Menu

cost菜单成本Microeconomics微观经济学Model of aggregate demand and

aggregate supply总需求和总供给模型Monetary neutrality货币中性Monetary

policy货币政策Money货币Money multiplier货币乘数Money supply货币供应量

monopolistic competition垄断竞争Monopoly垄断Moral hazard道德风险

Multiplier effect乘数效应Mutual fund共同基金Nash equilibrium纳什均衡

National saving国民储蓄Natural-rate hypothesis自然率假说Natural rate of

unemployment自然失业率Natural resources自然资源Negative income tax负所

得税Net capital outflow资金净流出Net exports净出口Nominal GDP名义国内

生产总值Nominal interest rate名义利率Nominal variables名义变量Normal good

正常良好: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads

to an increase in demand。normative statement规范声明Oligopoly寡头垄断

Open economy开放型经济Open-market operations公开市场操作Opportunity cost

机会成本Perfect complement完美的补充: two goods with right-angle

indifference t substitutes完美的替代品Permanent income永久

收入Phillips curve菲利普斯曲线Physical capital实物资本Positive statements

积极发言: claims that attempt to describe the world as It is. Pigovian tax

庇古税: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.

Poverty line贫困线Poverty rate贫困率Present value现值Price ceiling最高

限价Price discrimination价格歧视Price elasticity of demand价格的需求弹

性Price elasticity of supply价格的供给弹性Price floor价格下限Principal

负责人Prisoners’ dilemma囚徒困境Private saving私人储蓄Private goods私

人物品Producer price index生产者价格指数Producer surplus生产者剩余

Production function生产函数Production possibilities frontier生产可能性边

界Productivity生产力Profit 利润Progressive tax累进税Proportional tax比

例税Public goods公共物品Public saving公共储蓄Quantity demanded需求量

Quantity supplied供给量Random walk随机游走Rational expectations理性预期

Real exchange rate实际汇率Real GDP实质生产总值Real interest rate实际利

率Real variables实际变量Recession衰退Reserve ratio存款准备金率Reserve

requirements准备金要求 Regressive tax累退税reserves储备Risk averse规避

风险Rivalry竞争Scarcity稀缺性Screening筛选Shoeleather costs皮鞋成本:

the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money

holdings。Shortage稀缺Signaling信号显示Stagflation滞胀Stock股票Store of

value储存价值Strike罢工Substitutes替代品Substitution effect替代效应Sunk

cost沉淀成本Supply curve供给曲线Supply schedule供应计划 Supply shock供

给冲击Surplus过剩Tariff关税Tax incidence税收归宿Technological knowledge

技术知识Total cost总成本Total revenue总收入Total revenue (in a market)

总收入Trade balance贸易平衡Trade deficit贸?逆差Trade policy贸易政策

Trade surplus贸易顺差Tragedy of the commons公共地的悲剧Transaction costs

交易成本Unemployment rate失业?Unemployment insurance失业保险Union联盟

Unit of account 计价单位Utilitarianism功利主义Utility效用Value of the

marginal product边际产品价值Variable costs可变成本Velocity of money 货

币流通速度Vertical equity纵向公平Welfare福利Welfare economics福利经济

学Willingness to pay支付愿意World price世界价格

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