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Toyota
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For other uses, see Toyota (disambiguation).
Toyota Motor Corporation
Native name
Romanized name
トヨタ自動車株式会社
Toyota Jidosha KK
Kabushiki gaisha (JPN)
Public (US)
TYO: 7203
Type
Traded asLSE: TYT
NYSE: TM
Industry
Founded
Founder(s)
Headquarters
Area served
AutomotiveAugust 28, 1937
Kiichiro ToyodaToyota, Aichi, Japan
Worldwide
Takeshi Uchiyamada
Key people
(Chairman)
Akio Toyoda
(President and CEO)
Automobiles, Luxury Vehicles,
Products commercial vehicles, engines,
motorcycles
Production
output
Services
Revenue
9,909,440 units (CY 2012)
Banking, financing, leasing
?22.064 trillion (FY 2013)
[2][1]
Operating incomeProfit?1.320 trillion (FY 2013)
?962.1 billion (FY 2013)
[2][2]Total assetsTotal equityEmployees
Parent?35.483 trillion (FY 2013)
?12.773 trillion (FY 2013)
333,498
Toyota GroupLexus
[2][2][3]DivisionsScion
522 (Toyota Group)
List[show]
Subsidiarieso
Website Toyota GlobalToyota Motor Corporation (トヨタ自動車株式会社
Toyota Jidōsha KK?,
IPA:
[to?jota]) /t???o?t?/ is a Japanese automaker headquartered in
Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 2013 the multinational corporation consisted of
333,498 employees worldwide[3] and, as of March 2013, is the
thirteenth-largest company in the world by revenue. Toyota was the largest
automobile manufacturer in 2012 (by production),[4] and in July of that
year, the company reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle.[5]
As of November 2013, it is also the largest listed company in Japan by
market capitalization (worth more than twice as much as #2-ranked
SoftBank)[6] and by revenue.[7]
The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his
father\'s company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years
earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it
created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first
passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation group companies
are Toyota (including the Scion brand), Lexus, Daihatsu, and Hino Motors,[8]
along with several \"nonautomotive\" companies.[9] TMC is part of the Toyota
Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.
Contents
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1 Corporate governance
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1.1 Financial results
2 History
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2.1 1920\'s-1930\'s
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2.2 1940\'s-1950\'s
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2.3 1960\'s-1970\'s
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2.4 1980\'s
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2.5 1990\'s
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2.6 2000\'s
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2.7 2010\'s
3 Logo and branding
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3.1 Marketing
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3.1.1 Japan
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3.2 Sports
4 Company strategy
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4.1 Operations
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4.2 Worldwide presence
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4.2.1 North America
5 Product line
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5.1 Electric technology
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5.1.1 Hybrid electric vehicles
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5.1.2 Plug-in hybrids
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5.1.3 All-electric vehicles
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5.1.4 Hydrogen fuel-cell
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5.2 Cars
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5.2.1 SUVs and crossovers
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5.2.2 Pickup trucks
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5.2.3 Luxury-type vehicles
6 Motorsport
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6.1 TRD
7 Non-automotive activities
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7.1 Aerospace
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7.2 Philanthropy
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7.3 Higher education
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7.4 Robotics
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7.5 Agricultural biotechnology
8 Environmental record
9 Production and sales numbers
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Corporate governance[edit]
Principal headquarters building of Toyota
Another Toyota headquarters building in Toyota City, Japan
Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi.[3] The main headquarters
of Toyota is located in a three story building in Toyota. As of 2006 the
head office has the \"Toyopet\" Toyota logo and the words \"Toyota Motor\".
The Toyota Technical Center, a 14-story building, and the Honsha plant,
Toyota\'s second plant engaging in mass production and formerly named the
Koromo plant, are adjacent to one another in a location near the
headquarters. Vinod Jacob from
The Hindu described the main headquarters
building as \"modest\".[10] In 2013 company head Akio Toyoda reported that
it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the headquarters due
to the lack of amenities in Toyota.[11]
Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo. Its Nagoya office is located
[3]in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles,
Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services
division, and also builds robots.
Akio Toyoda, CEO of Toyota, at the annual results press conference, May
11, 2011
Toyota\'s global network:
Red - Japan
Green - Official dealership(s) present.
Blue - Localized manufacturing plant(s)
Light Blue - Regional headquarters (HQ)
Dark Blue - Regional headquarters (HQ) and localized manufacturing plants
Typical breakdown of sales by region
President of Toyota Motor Company:
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Rizaburo Toyoda (1937–1941)
Kiichiro Toyoda (1941–1950)
Taizo Ishida (1950–1961)
Fukio Nakagawa (1961–1967)
Eiji Toyoda (1967–1981)
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Shoichiro Toyoda (1982-1992)
Tatsuro Toyoda (1992-1995)
Hiroshi Okuda (1995-1999)
Fujio Cho (1999-2005)
Katsuaki Watanabe (2005-2009)
In 1981, Toyota Motor Co., Ltd. announced plans to merge with its sales
entity Toyota Motor Sales Co., Ltd. Since 1950, the two entities existed
as separate companies due to a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar
Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation
for the consummation of the merger that occurred in 1982—Shoichiro then
succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the combined organization
that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation.
President of Toyota Motor Corporation:
Eiji Toyoda (1981)
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Shoichiro Toyoda (1982–1992)
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CEO of Toyota Motor Corporation:
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Dr. Tatsuro Toyoda (1992–1995)
Hiroshi Okuda (1995–1999)
Fujio Cho (1999–2005)
Katsuaki Watanabe (2005–2009)
Akio Toyoda (2009–present)
Chairman of Toyota Motor Corporation:
Shoichiro Toyoda (1992–1999)
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Hiroshi Okuda (1999–2006)
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Fujio Cho (2006–2013)
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Takeshi Uchiyamada (2013–present)
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On June 14, 2013, Toyota Motor Corp. announced the appointment of outside
board members; the appointment was a first for the corporation and
occurred following approval from general shareholders at a meeting on the
same day. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio
Cho as chairman, as the latter became an honorary chairman, while Toyoda
remains in the post of President.[12]
Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and
Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO: 7203. In addition, Toyota is
foreign-listed on the New York Stock Exchange under NYSE: TM and on the
London Stock Exchange under LSE: TYT. Toyota has been publicly traded in
Japan since 1949 and internationally since 1999.[13]
As reported on its consolidated financial statements, Toyota has 540
consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates.
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Toyota Motor North America (100% – 2004)
Toyota Canada Inc. owned via Toyota Motor North America
Toyota Tsusho – Trading company for the Toyota Group
Daihatsu Motor Company (51.2% – March 31, 2006)
Hino Motors (50.1% – 2001)
Lexus 100% (1989)
Scion 100% (2003)
DENSO (24.74% – September 30, 2006)
Toyota Industries (23.51% – March 31, 2006)
Aisin Seiki Co. (23.0% – September 30, 2006)
Fuji Heavy Industries (16.66% – June 28, 2008)
Isuzu Motors (5.9% – November 10, 2006)
PT Toyota Astra Motor (49% – 2003)
PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia[14] (95% – 2003)
Financial results[edit]
In 2011, the Toyota Group (including Daihatsu, Hino and Chinese joint
ventures) fell to place three with 8,050,181 units produced globally.[15]
According to an unofficial count, based on unit production reported by
major automakers, Toyota regained its top rank with 9,909,440 units
produced globally in calendar 2012.[16] On May 8, 2013, Toyota announced
plans to produce 10.1 million units in fiscal 2013, which, if achieved,
would make it the first auto manufacturer to cross the 10 million unit
threshold.[17]
On May 8, 2009, Toyota reported a record annual net loss of US$4.2 billion,
making it the latest automobile maker to be severely affected by the global
financial crisis that started in 2007. Toyota\'s financial unit had asked
for an emergency loan from a state-backed lender on March 16, 2009, with
reports putting the figure at more than US$3 billion. It said the
international financial situation was squeezing its business, forcing it
to ask for an emergency loan from the Japan Bank for International
Cooperation. This was the first time the state-backed bank has been asked
to lend to a Japanese car manufacturer.[18]
On May 8, 2013, Toyota Motor Corporation announced its financial results
for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013. Net revenues totaled 22.0
trillion yen (US$ 216,7 billion, +18.7%). Operating income was 1.32
trillion yen (US$13 billion, +371%), net income 962.1 billion yen (US$9.47
[19]billion, +339%).
History[edit]
Main article: History of Toyota
1920\'s-1930\'s[edit]
Toyota was started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works
devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the
founder\'s son, Kiichiro Toyoda.[20] Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger
car and the G1 in 1935. The Toyota Motor Co. was established as an
independent company in 1937. In 2008, Toyota\'s sales surpassed General
Motors, making Toyota number one in the world.[21]
Mass production of Toyoda automated loom, displayed at the Toyota Museum
in Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi Pref. Japan
In 1924, Sakichi Toyoda invented the Toyoda Model G Automatic Loom. The
principle of
Jidoka, which means the machine stops itself when a problem
occurs, became later a part of the Toyota Production System. Looms were
built on a small production line. In 1929, the patent for the automatic
loom was sold to a British company, generating the starting capital for
the automobile development.[22]
Toyoda Standard Sedan AA 1936
Vehicles were originally sold under the name \"Toyoda\" (トヨダ), from the
family name of the company\'s founder, Kiichirō Toyoda. In April 1936,
Toyoda\'s first passenger car, the Model AA, was completed. The sales price
was 3,350 yen, 400 yen cheaper than Ford or GM cars.[23]
House of Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda, near Toyota City[24]
In September 1936, the company ran a public competition to design a new
logo. Of 27,000 entries, the winning entry was the three Japanese katakana
letters for \"Toyoda\" in a circle. But Risaburō Toyoda, who had married
into the family and was not born with that name, preferred \"Toyota\" (トヨタ) because it took eight brush strokes (a lucky number) to write in
Japanese, was visually simpler (leaving off the diacritic at the end) and
with a voiceless consonant instead of a voiced one (voiced consonants are
considered to have a \"murky\" or \"muddy\" sound compared to voiceless
consonants, which are \"clear\").
Inside the house of Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda, near Toyota City
Since \"Toyoda\" literally means \"fertile rice paddies\", changing the name
also prevented the company from being associated with old-fashioned
farming. The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was
registered in August 1937 as the \"Toyota Motor Company\".[25][26][27]
First-generation Toyopet Crown Model RSD (1955/1 – 1958/10)
Toyota at the Rally Dakar, 1992
1940\'s-1950\'s[edit]
From September 1947, Toyota\'s small-sized vehicles were sold under the
name \"Toyopet\" (トヨペット).[28] The first vehicle sold under this name was
the Toyopet SA,[29] but it also included vehicles such as the Toyopet SB
light truck, Toyopet Stout light truck,[30] Toyopet Crown, Toyopet Master,
and the Toyopet Corona. The word \"Toyopet (Japanese article)\" was a
nickname given to the Toyota SA due to its small size, as the result of
a naming contest the Toyota Company organized in 1947. However, when
Toyota eventually entered the American market in 1957 with the Crown, the
name was not well received due to connotations of toys and pets.[31] The
name was soon dropped for the American market, but continued in other
markets until the mid-1960s.
1960\'s-1970\'s[edit]
By the early 1960s, the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on
certain vehicles. The chicken tax of 1964 placed a 25% tax on imported
light trucks.[32] In response to the tariff, Toyota, Nissan Motor Co. and
Honda Motor Co. began building plants in the US by the early 1980s.[32]
1980\'s[edit]
With over 30 million sold, the Corolla is one of the most popular and best
selling cars in the world.
Toyota received its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of
the 1980s and began participating in a wide variety of motorsports. Due
to the 1973 oil crisis, consumers in the lucrative US market began turning
to small cars with better fuel economy. American car manufacturers had
considered small economy cars to be an \"entry level\" product, and their
small vehicles employed a low level of quality to keep the price low.
In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one
company, the Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota entered
into a joint venture with General Motors called the New United Motor
Manufacturing, Inc, NUMMI, operating an automobile-manufacturing plant
in Fremont, California. The factory was an old General Motors plant that
had been closed for two years. Toyota then started to establish new brands
at the end of the 1980s, with the launch of their luxury division Lexus
in 1989.
1990\'s[edit]
In the 1990s, Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact
cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup,
including a full-sized pickup, the T100 (and later the Tundra); several
lines of SUVs; a sport version of the Camry, known as the Camry Solara;
and the Scion brand, a group of several affordable, yet sporty,
automobiles targeted specifically to young adults. Toyota also began
production of the world\'s best-selling hybrid car, the Prius, in 1997.
With a major presence in Europe, due to the success of Toyota Team Europe,
the corporation decided to set up Toyota Motor Europe Marketing and
Engineering, TMME, to help market vehicles in the continent. Two years
later, Toyota set up a base in the United Kingdom,
TMUK, as the company\'s
cars had become very popular among British drivers. Bases in Indiana,
Virginia, and Tianjin were also set up. In 1999, the company decided to
list itself on the New York and London Stock Exchanges.
2000\'s[edit]
In 2001, Toyota\'s Toyo Trust and Banking merged with two other banks to
form UFJ Bank, which was accused of corruption by Japan\'s government for
making bad loans to alleged Yakuza crime syndicates with executives
accused of blocking Financial Service Agency inspections.[33] The UFJ was
listed among
Fortune Magazine\'s largest money-losing corporations in the
world, with Toyota\'s chairman serving as a director.[34] At the time, the
UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota. As a result of Japan\'s
banking crisis, UFJ merged with the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi to become
the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.
In 2002, Toyota managed to enter a Formula One works team and establish
joint ventures with French motoring companies Citro?n and Peugeot a year
after Toyota started producing cars in France.
Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world\'s leading companies
for the year 2005[35] but slid to 55 for 2011.[36] The company was number one
in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008.[37]
In 2007, Toyota released an update of its full-size truck, the Tundra,
produced in two American factories, one in Texas and one in Indiana. \"Motor
Trend\" named the Tundra \"Truck of the Year,\" and the 2007 Toyota Camry
\"Car of the Year\" for 2007. It also began the construction of two new
factories, one to build the RAV4 in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada, and the
other to build the Toyota Prius in Blue Springs, Mississippi, USA. This
plant was originally intended to build the Toyota Highlander, but Toyota
decided to use the plant in Princeton, Indiana, USA, instead. The company
has also found recent success with its smaller models—the Corolla and
Yaris—as gasoline prices have risen rapidly in the last few years.
From November 2009 through 2010, Toyota recalled more than 9 million cars
and trucks worldwide in several recall campaigns, and briefly halted
production and sales.[38] Toyota initiated the recalls, the first two with
the assistance of the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
(NHTSA), after reports that several vehicles experienced unintended
acceleration.
Main article: 2009–2010 Toyota vehicle recalls
2010\'s[edit]
In 2011, Toyota, along with large parts of the Japanese automotive
industry, suffered from a series of natural disasters. The 2011 Tōhoku
earthquake and tsunami led to a severe disruption of the supplier base
and a drop in production and exports.[39][40] Severe flooding during the 2011
monsoon season in Thailand affected Japanese automakers that had chosen
Thailand as a production base. Toyota estimated to have lost production
of 150,000 units to the tsunami and production of 240,000 units to the
floods.
In October 2012, Toyota announced a recall of 7.43 million vehicles
worldwide to fix malfunctioning power window switches, the largest recall
since that of Ford Motor Company in 1996. The move came after a series
of recalls between 2009 and 2011 in which it pulled back around 10 million
recalls amidst claims of faulty mechanics.[41]
Logo and branding[edit]
Employee at Toyota Museum explains development of Toyota name and brand
In 1936, Toyota entered the passenger car market with its Model AA and
held a competition to establish a new logo emphasizing speed for its new
product line. After receiving 27,000 entries, one was selected that
additionally resulted in a change of its moniker to \"Toyota\" from the
family name \"Toyoda\". The new name was believed to sound better, and its
eight-stroke count in the Japanese language was associated with wealth
and good fortune. The original logo no longer is found on its vehicles,
but remains the corporate emblem used in Japan.
Still, no guidelines existed for the use of the brand name, \"TOYOTA\", which
was used throughout most of the world, which led to inconsistencies in
its worldwide marketing campaigns.
To remedy this, Toyota introduced a new worldwide logo in October 1989
to commemorate the 50th year of the company, and to differentiate it from
the newly released luxury Lexus brand. The logo made its debut on the 1989
Toyota Celsior and quickly gained worldwide recognition. The three ovals
in the new logo combine to form the letter \"T\", which stands for Toyota.
The overlapping of the two perpendicular ovals inside the larger oval
represent the mutually beneficial relationship and trust between the
customer and the company, while the larger oval surrounding both of these
inner ovals represents the \"global expansion of Toyota\'s technology and
unlimited potential for the future.\"[42][43]
The new logo started appearing on all printed material, advertisements,
dealer signage, and the vehicles themselves in 1990.
In predominantly Chinese-speaking countries or regions using traditional
Chinese characters, e.g. Hong Kong and Taiwan, Toyota is known as \"豊田\".[44] In predominantly Chinese-speaking countries using simplified
Chinese characters (e.g. China and Singapore), Toyota is known as \"丰田\"[45] (pronounced as \"Fēngtián\" in Mandarin Chinese and \"H?ng Tshan\" in
Minnanese). These are the same characters as the founding family\'s name
\"Toyoda\" in Japanese, which translate to \"fertile rice paddies\" in the
Chinese language, as well.
Marketing[edit]
MEGAWEB, Toyota\'s permanent exhibition showroom and museum in Odaiba,
Tokyo
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United States advertising slogans
Toyota\'s marketing efforts in North America have focused on emphasizing
the positive experiences of ownership and vehicle quality.[46] The
ownership experience has been targeted in slogans such as \"You asked for
it! You got it!\" (1975–1979), \"Oh, what a feeling!\" (1979 – September
1985, in the US),[46] \"Who could ask for anything more?\" (September 1985
– 1989),[47] \"I love what you do for me, Toyota!\" (1989–1997), \"Everyday\"
(1997–2001)\", \"Get the feeling!\" (2001–2004), \"Moving Forward\"
(2004–2012),[48] and \"Let\'s Go Places\" (2012–present).[49]
Japan[edit]
Toyopet Store Saitama
In Japan, Toyota currently maintains separate dealership sales channels,
called \"Toyota Store\" (トヨタ店) that were established in 1949, which sell
large luxury sedans such as the Toyota Century, and the Toyota Crown, and
\"Toyopet Store\" (トヨペット店), that was originally established to sell
the Toyota Corona and the Toyopet Toyoace truck in 1956.(Toyota\'s five
channel dealerships in Japan chronology in Japanese) Toyota also
established a commercial dealership called Toyota Diesel Shop (トヨタディーゼル店) from 1957 until 1988, that sold various commercial platform
trucks, buses, and forklifts, such as the Toyota Dyna and the Toyota
Coaster. Hino products were sold at specific Hino locations, and shared
at Toyota Diesel Store locations after Toyota acquired the company in 1967.
Starting in 1980, the Diesel Shop also sold the Starlet, Corolla, Corona,
Vista and Crown installed with diesel engines. When the Toyota Diesel
Store was disbanded, commercial products were divided between Toyota
Store and Toyopet Store locations.[50]
Currently, the \"Toyota Corolla Store\" (トヨタカローラ店) was renamed from
the \"Toyota Publica Store\" (トヨタパブリカ店), which was established to
sell the Toyota Publica in 1961, then renamed to sell the Toyota Corolla
in 1966.
In 1980, the \"Toyota Vista Store\" replaced the \"Toyota Auto Store\" (トヨタオート店) sales network that sold the Corolla companion, called the
Toyota Sprinter established in 1966. The \"Vista\" name was used on a new
Camry-clone, called the Toyota Vista. The Toyota Vista network was
replaced with two networks; \"Toyota NETZ\" (ネッツ店) in August 1998, and
Lexus in 2004. Some former Vista models were rebranded as Lexus (レクサス), such as the Altezza and the Aristo, while other products have been
taken over by the \"Toyota NETZ\", which was already selling the Toyota ist
and the Toyota RAV4. \"NETZ\" is an acronym for \"Network of Energetic Teams
for Zenith\".
Netz locations are being repositioned to resemble the North American
Toyota network, called Scion, and are currently exclusive for the Toyota
86. Most models were exclusive to particular retail chains, while some
models, like the Prius, are available at all sales channels. These models
are available at retail channels nationally, as retail chains in Tokyo
and Osaka are different.
Vehicles sold at Toyota Store (Nationally)
Toyota Century, Toyota Crown Majesta, Toyota Crown, Toyota Master, Toyota
SAI, Toyota Prius, Toyota Allion, Toyota Succeed, Toyota Blade, Toyota
Corolla RunX, Toyota Porte, Toyota Estima, Toyota Isis, Toyota FJ Cruiser,
Toyota Comfort, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Hilux Surf, Toyota Land
Cruiser Prado, Toyota Dyna, Toyota Stout, Toyota Coaster, Toyota
QuickDelivery, Toyota 2000GT, Toyota Carina, Toyota Carina ED, Toyota
Brevis, Toyota Gaia, Toyota Cavalier, Toyota Classic, Toyota MasterAce,
Toyota Hilux, Toyota Mega Cruiser, Toyota Soarer, Toyota Origin, Toyota
Caldina
Vehicles sold at Toyopet Store (Nationally)
Toyota Mark X, Toyota SAI, Toyota Premio, Toyota Prius, Toyota Belta,
Toyota Mark X ZiO, Toyota Succeed, Toyota Ractis, Toyota Blade, Toyota
Porte, Toyota Harrier, Toyota Vanguard, Toyota Rush, Toyota Alphard,
Toyota Comfort, Toyota Hiace, Toyota Toyoace, Toyota Pixis Space, Toyota
Mark II-Mark II Qualis-Mark II Blit, Toyota Corona, Toyota Corona EXiV,
Toyota Corona Coupe, Toyota Corsa, Toyota Opa, Toyota Avalon, Toyota
Progrès, Toyota Cami, Toyota ist, Toyota Platz, Toyota Soarer, Toyota
Hilux, Toyota Cynos, Toyota Regius, Toyota Celsior, Toyota Origin, Toyota
Caldina, Toyota Ipsum
Vehicles sold at Toyota Corolla Store (starting 1966) formerly Toyota
Public Store (Nationally)
Toyota SAI, Toyota Camry, Toyota Prius, Toyota Corolla Axio, Toyota Belta,
Toyota Probox, Toyota Corolla Rumion, Toyota Ractis, Toyota Passo, Toyota
Sera, Toyota Vanguard, Toyota Estima, Toyota Noah, Toyota Sienta, Toyota
TownAce, all Daihatsu products, Toyota Publica, Toyota Tercel, Toyota
Windom, Toyota Scepter, Toyota Corolla Ceres, Toyota Origin, Toyota Nadia,
Toyota WiLL, Toyota RAV4, Toyota Kluger, Toyota Sports 800, Toyota Celica,
Toyota Supra, Toyota Corolla Levin, Toyota Celica XX
Vehicles sold at Netz Store (starting 1998) formerly Toyota Vista Store
(starting 1980) formerly Toyota Auto Store (starting 1966)(Nationally)
Toyota Vitz, Toyota SAI, Toyota Prius, Toyota ist, Toyota Auris, Toyota
bB, Toyota Avensis, Toyota Raum, Toyota Wish, Toyota Voxy, Toyota RAV4,
Toyota Vellfire, Toyota iQ, Toyota Allex, Toyota Fun Cargo, Toyota Altezza,
Toyota Verossa, Toyota Curren, Toyota Aristo, Toyota MR-S, Toyota MR2,
Toyota Starlet, Toyota Vista, Toyota Cresta, Toyota Sprinter, Toyota
Voltz, Toyota Blizzard, Toyota Chaser, Toyota Sprinter Marino, Toyota
Carib, Toyota Granvia, Toyota Sprinter Trueno, Toyota LiteAce, Toyota
Ipsum, Saturn S-series (1996-2003), Toyota 86, WiLL (1999-2004)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Toyota dealerships.
Sports[edit]
Further information: Toyota Racing Development, Toyota in
motorsports, and Toyota Motorsport GmbH
Toyota sponsors several teams and has purchased naming rights for several
venues, including:
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Toyota Center, Houston, Texas
Toyota Center, Kennewick, Washington
Toyota Field, San Antonio, Texas
Toyota Park, Bridgeview, Illinois
Toyota Sports Center, El Segundo, California
Toyota Stadium, Georgetown, Kentucky
Toyota Stadium, Frisco, Texas
Company strategy[edit]
Main article: The Toyota Way
Toyota\'s management philosophy has evolved from the company\'s origins and
has been reflected in the terms \"Lean Manufacturing\" and Just In Time
Production, which it was instrumental in developing.[51] Toyota\'s
managerial values and business methods are known collectively as the
Toyota Way.
In April 2001, Toyota adopted the \"Toyota Way 2001\", an expression of
values and conduct guidelines that all Toyota employees should embrace.
Under the two headings of Respect for People and Continuous Improvement,
Toyota summarizes its values and conduct guidelines with the following
five principles:[52]
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Challenge
Kaizen (improvement)
Genchi genbutsu (go and see)
Respect
Teamwork
[53]According to external observers, the Toyota Way has four components:1. Long-term thinking as a basis for management decisions
2. A process for problem-solving
3. Adding value to the organization by developing its people
4. Recognizing that continuously solving root problems drives
organizational learning
The Toyota Way incorporates the Toyota Production System.
Operations[edit]
Main article: Toyota Production System
New Toyota factory in Ohira, near Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan: A
month after this picture was taken, the region was devastated by the March
11 earthquake and tsunami. The plant was only lightly damaged, but
remained closed for more than a month, mainly due to lack of supplies and
energy, in addition to a badly damaged Sendai port.
Toyota has long been recognized as an industry leader in manufacturing
and production. Three stories of its origin have been found, one that they
[54]studied Piggly-Wiggly\'s just-in-time distribution system, one that
they followed the writings of W. Edwards Deming,[55] and one that they were
given the principles from a WWII US government training program (Training
Within Industry).[56] Regardless of the origin, the principles described
by Toyota in its management philosophy, The Toyota Way, are: Challenge,
Kaizen (improvement), Genchi Genbutsu (go and see), Respect, and
Teamwork.[52]
As described by external observers of Toyota, the principles of the Toyota
[53]Way are:
1. Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at
the expense of short-term goals
2. Create continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface
3. Use \"pull\" systems to avoid overproduction
4. Level out the workload
5. Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right
the first time
6. Standardized tasks are the foundation for continuous improvement
and employee empowerment
7. Use visual control so no problems are hidden
8. Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your
people and processes
9. Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the
philosophy, and teach it to others
p exceptional people and teams who follow your company’s
philosophy
t your extended network of partners and suppliers by
challenging them and helping them improve
and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation
(genchi genbutsu)
decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all
options; implement decisions rapidly
a learning organization through relentless reflection and
continuous improvement (kaizen)
Toyota Pavilion at the Expo in Aichi
Toyota has grown to a large multinational corporation from where it
started and expanded to different worldwide markets and countries. It
displaced GM and became the world\'s largest automobile maker for the year
2008. It held the title of the most profitable automobile maker (US$11
billion in 2006) along with increasing sales in, among other countries,
the United States. The world headquarters of Toyota are located in its
home country in Toyota City, Japan. Its subsidiary, Toyota Financial
Services sells financing and participates in other lines of business.
Toyota brands include Scion and Lexus and the corporation is part of the
Toyota Group. Toyota also owns 51% of Daihatsu, and 16.7% of Fuji Heavy
Industries, which manufactures Subaru vehicles. They also acquired 5.9%
of Isuzu Motors Ltd. on November 7, 2006 and will be introducing Isuzu
diesel technology into their products.
Toyota has introduced new technologies including one of the first
mass-produced hybrid gasoline-electric vehicles, of which it says it has
sold 2 million globally as of 2010,[57] Advanced Parking Guidance System
(automatic parking), a four-speed electronically controlled automatic
with buttons for power and economy shifting, and an eight-speed automatic
transmission. Toyota, and Toyota-produced Lexus and Scion automobiles,
consistently rank near the top in certain quality and reliability surveys,
primarily J.D. Power and Consumer Reports[58] although they led in
automobile recalls for the first time in 2009.[59]
In 2005, Toyota, combined with its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu Motor
Company, produced 8.54 million vehicles, about 500,000 fewer than the
number produced by GM that year. Toyota has a large market share in the
United States, but a small market share in Europe. Its also sells vehicles
in Africa and is a market leader in Australia. Due to its Daihatsu
subsidiary it has significant market shares in several fast-growing
Southeast Asian countries.[60]
According to the 2008 Fortune Global 500, Toyota is the fifth largest
company in the world. Since the recession of 2001, it has gained market
share in the United States. Toyota\'s market share struggles in Europe
where its Lexus brand has three tenths of one percent market share,
compared to nearly two percent market share as the US luxury segment
leader.
In the first three months of 2007, Toyota together with its half-owned
subsidiary Daihatsu reported number one sales of 2.348 million units.
Toyota\'s brand sales had risen 9.2% largely on demand for Corolla and Camry
sedans. The difference in performance was largely attributed to surging
demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. In November 2006, Toyota Motor
Manufacturing Texas added a facility in San Antonio.[61] Toyota has
experienced quality problems and was reprimanded by the government in
Japan for its recall practices.[62] In 2007, Toyota maintained over 16% of
the US market share and was listed second only to GM in terms of volume.[63]
Toyota Century Royal is the official state car of the Japanese imperial
family, namely for the current Emperor of Japan.
Toyota was hit by the global financial crisis of 2008 as it was forced
in December 2008 to forecast its first annual loss in 70 years.[64] In
January 2009 it announced the closure of all of its Japanese plants for
11 days to reduce output and stocks of unsold vehicles.[65]
Akio Toyoda became the new president and CEO of the company on June 23,
2009 by replacing Katsuaki Watanabe who became the new vice chairman by
replacing Katsuhiro Nakagawa.[66]
Worldwide presence[edit]
The Camry is assembled in several facilities around the world including
Australia, China, Taiwan, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Pakistan, Russia,
Thailand, India, Vietnam and the United States.
Toyota has factories in most parts of the world, manufacturing or
assembling vehicles for local markets. Toyota has manufacturing or
assembly plants in Japan, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, Canada, Indonesia,
Poland, South Africa, Turkey, Colombia, the United Kingdom, the United
States, France, Brazil, Portugal, and more recently, Argentina, Czech
Republic, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, Pakistan, Egypt, China, Vietnam,
Venezuela, the Philippines, and Russia.
Toyota\'s net revenue by geographical regions for the year ended March 31,
2007[67]
Geographic region Total sales ( Yen in millions)
Japan
North America
Europe
8,152,884
8,771,495
3,346,013
Asia
Others
1,969,957
1,707,742
In 2002, Toyota initiated the \"Innovative International Multi-purpose
vehicle\" project (IMV) to optimize global manufacturing and supply
systems for pickup trucks and multipurpose vehicles, and to satisfy market
demand in more than 140 countries worldwide. IMV called for diesel engines
to be made in Thailand, gasoline engines in Indonesia and manual
transmissions in India and the Philippines, for supply to the countries
charged with vehicle production. For vehicle assembly, Toyota would use
plants in Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and South Africa. These four main
IMV production and export bases supply Asia, Europe, Africa, Oceania,
Latin America and the Middle East with three IMV vehicles: The Toyota Hilux
(Vigo), the Fortuner, and the Toyota Innova.[68]
North America[edit]
Main article: Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
Toyota Motor North America headquarters is located in Torrance,
California and operates as a holding company in North America. Its
manufacturing headquarters is located in Erlanger, Kentucky, and is known
as Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, or TEMA.
A Toyota dealership in Fremont, California.
Toyota Canada Inc. has been in production in Canada since 1983 with an
aluminium wheel plant in Delta, British Columbia which currently employs
a workforce of roughly 260. Its first vehicle assembly plant, in Cambridge,
Ontario since 1988, now produces Corolla compact cars, Matrix crossover
vehicles and Lexus RX 350 luxury SUVs, with a workforce of 4,300 workers.
Its second assembly operation in Woodstock, Ontario began manufacturing
the RAV4 late in 2008.[69] In 2006, Toyota\'s subsidiary Hino Motors opened
a heavy duty truck plant, also in Woodstock, employing 45 people and
producing 2000 trucks annually.[70]
Toyota Technical Center, Ann Arbor Twp., MI
Toyota has a large presence in the United States with six major assembly
plants in Huntsville, Alabama; Georgetown, Kentucky; Princeton, Indiana;
San Antonio, Texas; Buffalo, West Virginia and Blue Springs, Mississippi.
Toyota had a joint-venture operation with General Motors at New United
Motor Manufacturing Inc. (NUMMI), in Fremont, California, which began in
[71]1984 and ended in 2009. It still has a joint-venture with Subaru at
Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. (SIA), in Lafayette, Indiana, which
started in 2006. In these assembly plants, the Camry and the Tundra are
manufactured, among others.
Toyota marketing, sales, and distribution in the US are conducted through
a separate subsidiary, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.. It has started
producing larger trucks, such as the new Tundra, to go after the large
truck market in the United States. Toyota is also pushing hybrid vehicles
in the US such as the Prius, Camry Hybrid, Highlander Hybrid, and various
Lexus products. Currently, Toyota has no plans to offer diesel motor
options in its North American products, including the light-duty pick-up
trucks.[72]
Toyota has sold more hybrid vehicles in the country than any other
manufacturer[citation needed].
Product line[edit]
Electric technology[edit]
Toyota Prius, flagship of Toyota\'s hybrid technology, and the best selling
hybrid car in the world
Hybrid electric vehicles[edit]
Main articles: Hybrid Synergy Drive, Hybrid electric vehicle, and Toyota
Prius
Toyota is one of the largest companies to push hybrid electric vehicles
in the market and the first to commercially mass-produce and sell such
vehicles, with the introduction of the Toyota Prius in 1997. The company
eventually began providing this option on the main smaller cars such as
Camry and later with the Lexus divisions, producing some hybrid luxury
vehicles. It labeled such technology in Toyota cars as \"Hybrid Synergy
Drive\" and in Lexus versions as \"Lexus Hybrid Drive.\"
As of August 2013, Toyota Motors Corporation sells 22 Toyota and Lexus
hybrid models and one plug-in hybrid in 80 countries and regions around
the world, and the carmaker has plans to introduce 15 new hybrid models
before the end of 2015.[73] The Prius liftback is the top selling hybrid
gasoline-electric car in world, with cumulative sales of 3 million units
since its introduction in 1997 through June 2013.[74] The United States is
the world\'s largest hybrid market, and TMC\'s second, with over 2 million
TMC hybrids sold through August 2013, representing 70% of the American
hybrid market.[73] The Prius liftback ranks as the top selling hybrid car
in the U.S. market, and surpassed the 1 million milestone in April 2011.[75]
Cumulative sales of the Prius in Japan reached the 1 million mark in August
[76][77]2011. and the 2 million mark was reached in October 2012. As of March
2013, Japan is Toyota\'s largest hybrid market, with 2.318 million Toyota
and Lexus hybrids sold.[78] Europe surpassed the 500,000 sales mark in
December 2012.[79]
The Toyota Prius c is the second spin off of the Prius family, and the
second most sold TMC hybrid after the Prius liftback.
Worldwide sales of hybrid vehicles produced by Toyota reached 1.0 million
vehicles by May 31, 2007, and the 2.0 million mark was reached by August
2009, with hybrids sold in 50 countries.[80][81] The 5 million hybrid sales
milestone was reached in March 2013, and Toyota estimates that up to 31
March 2013, its hybrids have saved about 3 billion gallons of gasoline
(11.356 billion liters) of gasoline compared to the amount used by
gasoline-powered vehicles of similar size, and have emitted approximately
34 million fewer tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions than would have
been emitted by gasoline-powered vehicles of similar size and driving
performance.[78] During 2012, Toyota and Lexus hybrid models sold more than
1 million units a year for the first time, with 1.219 million units sold.[82]
Besides the three generations of Prius liftback, Toyota\'s hybrid lineup
includes the Camry Hybrid (1st and 2nd generation), Toyota Highlander
Hybrid (Kluger Hybrid in Japan), Toyota Avalon Hybrid, Toyota Auris Hybrid,
Toyota Yaris Hybrid (Europe only), and the following models sold only in
Japan: Alphard Hybrid/Vellfire Hybrid, Estima Hybrid, Toyota Sai, Toyota
[78]Harrier, and Toyota Crown Hybrid. Toyota released the hybrid versions
of the Corolla Axio sedan and Corolla Fielder station wagon in Japan in
August 2013. Both cars are equipped with a 1.5-liter hybrid system similar
to the one used in the Prius c.[83]
The Lexus RX 450h is the top selling hybrid of the Lexus brand.
Beginning in 2011, TMC introduced three new members to the Prius family,
the Prius v (Prius α in Japan and Prius + in Europe), the Prius c (Toyota
Aqua in Japan), and the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, released in 2012 in
Japan, the U.S. and Europe.[84] With a total of 247,230 vehicles sold during
the first quarter of 2012, the Toyota Prius family became the third top
selling nameplate in the world in terms of total global sales, after the
Toyota Corolla (300,800 units) and the Ford Focus (277,000 units).[85][86]
Until September 2012, The Prius liftback was the top selling new car in
Japan for 16 months in a row, until it was surpassed by the Toyota Aqua
(Prius c) in October 2012.[87][88] With 266,567 units sold in Japan in 2012,
the Aqua is considered the most successful nameplate launch in the
Japanese market in the last 20 years.[89] The Prius c/Aqua model, with global
sales of 409,500 units through March 2013, is TMC\'s second best selling
hybrid after the Prius liftback, followed by the two generations of the
Camy Hybrid, with 357,000 units sold worldwide.[78]
Lexus also has their own hybrid lineup, consisting of the GS 450h, RX
400h/RX 450h, the LS 600h/LS 600h L, Lexus HS 250h, Lexus CT 200h, and
Lexus ES 300h.[90] Global cumulative sales of Lexus brand hybrids reached
the 500 thousand mark in November 2012. The Lexus RX 400h/RX 450h is the
top selling Lexus hybrid with 268.2 thousand units sold through March 2013,
[78]followed by the Lexus CT 200h with 137.3 thousand units.
Plug-in hybrids[edit]
Production version of the 2012 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid.
Main article: Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid
Toyota\'s plug-in hybrid electric vehicle project began in 2007, with road
trials of a prototype vehicle in France and the UK in 2008. Toyota made
available a total of 600 Prius plug-in demonstration vehicles for lease
to fleet and government customers, 230 were delivered in Japan beginning
in late December 2009, 125 models released in the U.S. by early 2010, and
200 units in 18 European countries in 2010, with France, the UK and Germany
[91][92][93]with the largest fleets with 150 PHEVs. Canada, China, Australia,
and New Zealand also participated in the global demonstration
program.[92][94][95]
The production version of the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid was released
in Japan in January 2012,[96][97] followed by the United States in late
February,[98] and deliveries in Europe began in late June 2012.[99] A total
of 32,700 Prius PHVs have been sold worldwide through March 2013.[78] The
market leader is the United States with 15,103 units sold,[100][101] followed
by Japan with 12,600 units,[78] and Europe with 4,908 units sold through
[79][102]March 2013. As of March 2013, the Prius PHV is the world\'s second
best selling plug-in hybrid after the Chevrolet Volt.[103]
All-electric vehicles[edit]
First generation Toyota RAV4 EV
Second generation Toyota RAV4 EV
See also: Toyota RAV4 EV and Toyota iQ EV
The first generation Toyota RAV4 EV was leased in the United States from
1997 to 2003, and at the lessees\' request, many units were sold after the
vehicle was discontinued.[104] A total of 1,484 were leased and/or sold in
California to meet the state’s CARB mandate for Zero-emissions
vehicle.[105][106] As of mid-2012, there were almost 500 units still in use.[107]
In May 2010, Toyota launched a collaboration with Tesla Motors to create
electric vehicles. Toyota agreed to purchase US$50 million of Tesla common
stock subsequent to the closing of Tesla\'s planned initial public
offering.[108] Toyota, with the assistance of Tesla, built 35 converted
RAV4s (Phase Zero vehicles) for a demonstration and evaluation program
that ran through 2011. The lithium metal-oxide battery and other power
train components were supplied by Tesla Motors.[109][110]
The second generation Toyota RAV4 EV was released in September 2012.[111]
The RAV4 EV is assembled at Toyota\'s facility in Woodstock, Ontario along
with the regular gasoline version. Tesla is building the electric
powertrain at its plant at Tesla Factory in Fremont, California, and then
ship them to Canada.[112][113] The RAV4 EV is sold only in California, beginning
with the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles/Orange County and San Diego.
Production will be limited to 2,600 during the first three years.[114][115]
As of 31 March 2013, a total of 402 RAV4 EVs have been sold in the U.S.[100][101]
A prototype of the Toyota iQ EV (Scion iQ EV in the US) was exhibited at
the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. The Scion iQ EV is the successor to the FT-EV
II as an electric vehicle based on the Toyota iQ chassis.[116][117] Toyota
produced three generations of FT-EV concept cars, and the iQ EV is a
production version of those concepts, incorporating the technological and
design strengths of all three models. The exterior of the production
version is based on the FT-EV III concept shown at the 2011 Tokyo Motor
Show.[118]
The Toyota eQ/Scion iQ EV is based on Toyota\'s three generations of FT-EV
concept. Shown the Toyota FT-EV III concept car at the 2011 Tokyo Motor
Show.
The U.S. launch of the Scion iQ EV was announced for 2012,[119][120] and
according to Toyota, for the initial roll-out the iQ EV would not be
available to individual consumers, instead the carmaker decided to focus
on fleet customers and car sharing programs.[121] The iQ EV was scheduled
to be produced at Toyota’s Takaoka Plant in Toyota City beginning in
August 2012 and the initial production was planned to be limited to 600
units, with 400 staying in Japan, 100 units destined to the U.S. and the
other 100 for Europe.[122] In September 2012 Toyota announced that due to
customers\' concerns about range and charging time, the production of the
Scion iQ (Toyota eQ in Japan) will be limited to about 100 units for special
fleet use in Japan and the U.S. only. The iQ EV/eQ was scheduled to be
released in both countries in December 2012.[123]
The first 30 iQ EVs were delivered in the U.S. to the University of
California, Irvine in March 2013 for use in its Zero Emission
Vehicle-Network Enabled Transport (ZEV-NET) carsharing fleet. Since 2002
the ZEV-NET program has been serving the transport needs of the Irvine
community with all-electric vehicles for the critical last mile of
commutes from the Irvine train station to the UC campus and local business
[124]offices.
In addition, Toyota announced that is backing away from fully electric
vehicles. The company\'s vice chairman, Takeshi Uchiyamada, said \"The
current capabilities of electric vehicles do not meet society’s needs,
whether it may be the distance the cars can run, or the costs, or how it
takes a long time to charge.\" Toyota\'s emphasis would be re-focused on
the hybrid concept, and 21 new hybrid gas-electric models scheduled to
be on the market by 2015.[123][125]
Hydrogen fuel-cell[edit]
The Toyota FCV-R concept car was exhibited at the 2012 Washington Auto
Show.
In 2002 Toyota began a development and demonstration program to test the
Toyota FCHV, a hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle based on the Toyota
Highlander production SUV. Toyota also built a FCHV bus based on the Hino
Blue Ribbon City low-floor bus.[126][127] Toyota has built several
prototypes/concepts of the FCHV since 1997, including the Toyota FCHV-1,
FCHV-2, FCHV-3, FCHV-4, and Toyota FCHV-adv. The Toyota FCV-R fuel cell
concept car was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show. The FCV-R sedan
seats four and has a fuel cell stack including a 70 MPa high-pressure
hydrogen tank, which can deliver a range of 435 mi (700 km) under the
Japanese JC08 test cycle. Toyota said the car was planned for launch in
about 2015.[128]
In August 2012 Toyota announced its plans to start retail sales of a
hydrogen fuel-cell sedan in California in 2015. Toyota expects to become
a leader in this technology.[129] The prototype of its first hydrogen fuel
cell vehicle will be exhibited at the November 2013 Tokyo Motor Show, and
in the United States at the January 2014 Consumer Electronics Show.[73]
Cars[edit]
Further information: List of Toyota vehicles
As of 2009, Toyota officially lists approximately 70 different models sold
under its namesake brand, including sedans, coupes, vans, trucks, hybrids,
and crossovers.[130] Many of these models are produced as passenger sedans,
which range from the subcompact Toyota Yaris, to compact Corolla, to
mid-size Camry, and full-size Avalon.[130] Vans include the Previa/Estima,
Sienna, and others.[130] Several small cars, such as the xB and tC, are sold
under the Scion brand.[130]
SUVs and crossovers[edit]
Toyota crossovers range from the compact Matrix and RAV4, to midsize Venza
and Kluger/Highlander.[130] Toyota SUVs range from the midsize 4Runner to
full-size Land Cruiser.[130] Other SUVs include the Prado, FJ Cruiser,
Fortuner, and Sequoia.[130]
Pickup trucks[edit]
2007 Tundra Double Cab
Toyota first entered the pickup truck market in 1947 with the SB that was
only sold in Japan and limited Asian markets. It was followed in 1954 by
the RK (renamed in 1959 as the Stout) and in 1968 by the compact Hilux.
With continued refinement, the Hilux (simply known as the Pickup in some
markets) became famous for being extremely durable and reliable, and many
of these trucks from as early as the late 1970s are still on the road today,
some with over 300,000 miles. Extended and crew cab versions of these small
haulers would eventually be added, and Toyota continues to produce them
today under various names depending on the market.
Riding on the success of the compact pickups in the US, Toyota decided
to attempt to enter the traditionally domestic-dominated full-size pickup
market, introducing the T100 for the 1993 US model year, with production
ending in 1998. While having a bed at the traditional full-size length
of 8 feet, the suspension and engine characteristics were still similar
to that of a compact pickup. It proved to be as economical and reliable
as any typical Toyota pickup, but sales never became what Toyota brass
had hoped for. It was criticized as being too small to appeal to the
traditional American full-size pickup buyer. Another popular full-size
truck essential, a V8 engine, was never available. Additionally, the truck
was at first only available as a regular cab, though Toyota addressed this
shortcoming and added the Xtracab version in mid-1995.
In 1999 for the 2000 model year, Toyota replaced the T100 with the larger
Tundra. The Tundra addressed criticisms that the T100 did not have the
look and feel of a legitimate American-style full-size pickup. It also
added the V8 engine that the T100 was criticized for not having. However,
the Tundra still came up short in towing capacity as well as still feeling
slightly carlike. These concerns were addressed with an even larger 2007
redesign. A stronger V6 and a second V8 engine among other things were
added to the option list. As of early 2010, the Tundra has captured 16
percent of the full-size half-ton market in the US.[citation needed] The all-new
Tundra was assembled in San Antonio, Texas, US. Toyota assembled around
150,000 Standard and Double Cabs, and only 70,000 Crew Max\'s in 2007. The
smaller Tacoma (which traces its roots back to the original Hilux) was
also produced at the company\'s San Antonio facility.
Outside the United States, Toyota produced the Hilux in Standard and
Double Cab, gasoline and diesel engine, 2WD and 4WD versions. The BBC\'s
Top Gear TV show featured two episodes of a Hilux that was deemed
\"virtually indestructible\".[131]
Luxury-type vehicles[edit]
Further information: List of Lexus vehicles
As of 2009, the company sold nine luxury-branded models under its Lexus
division, ranging from the LS sedan to RX crossover and LX SUV.[130]
Luxury-type sedans produced under the Toyota brand included the Century,
Toyota Crown, and Toyota Crown Majesta.[130] A limited-edition model
produced for the Emperor of Japan was the Century Royal.
Motorsport[edit]
Main articles: Toyota in motorsports and Toyota Motorsport GmbH
Toyota has been involved in many global motorsports series. They also
represent their Lexus brand in other sports car racing categories. Toyota
also makes engines and other auto parts for other Japanese motorsports
including formula Nippon, Super GT, formula 3 and formula Toyota series.
Toyota also runs a driver development programme known as TDP (Toyota Young
Drivers Program) which they made for funding and educating future Japanese
motorsports talent.[132] Toyota Motorsport GmbH, with headquarters in
Cologne, Germany has been responsible for Toyota\'s major motorsports
development including Formula One, the World Rally Championship, the Le
Mans Series and most recently the FIA World Endurance Championship. Toyota
enjoyed success in all these motorsports categories. In 2002, Toyota
entered Formula One as a constructor and engine supplier, however despite
having experienced drivers and a larger budget than many other teams, they
failed to match their success in other categories, with five second places
their best results. On November 4, 2009 Toyota announced they were pulling
out of the sport due to the global economic situation.
Toyota\'s nationwide driver hunt of drivers for Etios Motor Racing (EMR)
Series ended up with selection of 25 drivers, who will participate in the
race in 2013.[133]
TRD[edit]
Toyota Racing Development was brought about to help develop true high
performance racing parts for many Toyota vehicles. TRD has often had much
success with their after market tuning parts, as well as designing
technology for vehicles used in all forms of racing. TRD is also
responsible for Toyota\'s involvement in NASCAR motorsports.[citation needed] TRD
also made Lexus\'s performance division \"F-Sport\".
Non-automotive activities[edit]
Aerospace[edit]
Toyota is a minority shareholder in Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation,
having invested US$67.2 million in the new venture which will produce the
Mitsubishi Regional Jet, slated for first deliveries in 2013.[134] Toyota
has also studied participation in the general aviation market and
contracted with Scaled Composites to produce a proof-of-concept aircraft,
the TAA-1 in 2002.[135]
Philanthropy[edit]
The Toyota Municipal Museum of Art in Aichi, sponsored by the manufacturer
Toyota is supporter of the Toyota Family Literacy Program along with
National Center for Family Literacy, helping low-income community members
for education, United Negro College Fund (40 annual scholarships),
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center (US$1 million) among
others.[136] Toyota created the Toyota USA Foundation. Toyota has also
donated its kaizen management practices training to charities such as the
Food Bank For New York City to improve services to the poor.[137]
Higher education[edit]
Toyota established the Toyota Technological Institute in 1981, as Sakichi
Toyoda had planned to establish a university as soon as he and Toyota
became successful. Toyota Technological Institute founded the Toyota
Technological Institute at Chicago in 2003. Toyota is supporter of the
\"Toyota Driving Expectations Program,\" \"Toyota Youth for Understanding
Summer Exchange Scholarship Program,\" \"Toyota International Teacher
Program,\" \"Toyota TAPESTRY,\" \"Toyota Community Scholars\" (scholarship
for high school students), \"United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
Internship Program,\" and \"Toyota Funded Scholarship.\"[138] It has
contributed to a number of local education and scholarship programs for
the University of Kentucky, Indiana, and others.[138]
Robotics[edit]
Main article: Toyota Partner Robot
Toyota trumpet-playing robot
In 2004, Toyota showcased its trumpet-playing robot.[139] Toyota has been
developing multitask robots destined for elderly care, manufacturing, and
entertainment. A specific example of Toyota\'s involvement in robotics for
the elderly is the Brain Machine Interface. Designed for use with
wheelchairs, it \"allows a person to control an electric wheelchair
accurately, almost in real-time\", with his mind.[140] The thought controls
allow the wheelchair to go left, right and forward with a delay between
thought and movement of just 125 milliseconds.[140] Toyota also played a
part in the development of Kirobo, the world\'s first \'robot astronaut\'.
Agricultural biotechnology[edit]
Toyota invests in several small start-up businesses and partnerships in
biotechnology, including:
?
?
?
?
?
P.T. Toyota Bio Indonesia in Lampung, Indonesia
Australian Afforestation Pty. Ltd. in Western Australia and
Southern Australia
Toyota Floritech Co., Ltd. in Rokkasho-Mura, Kamikita District,
Aomori Prefecture
Sichuan Toyota Nitan Development Co., Ltd. in Sichuan, China
Toyota Roof Garden Corporation in Miyoshi-Cho, Aichi Prefecture
Environmental record[edit]
Toyota has been a leader in environmentally friendly vehicle technologies,
most notably the RAV4 EV (produced from 1997 to 2003) and the Toyota Prius
(1997 to present). Toyota is now working on their next generation Prius
and second generation RAV4 EV both due out in 2012.
Toyota implemented its Fourth Environmental Action Plan in 2005. The plan
contains four major themes involving the environment and the
corporation\'s development, design, production, and sales. The five-year
plan is directed at the, \"arrival of a revitalized recycling-based
society.\"[141] Toyota had previously released its Eco-Vehicle Assessment
System (Eco-VAS) which is a systematic life cycle assessment of the effect
a vehicle will have on the environment including production, usage, and
disposal. The assessment includes, \"... fuel efficiency, emissions and
noise during vehicle use, the disposal recovery rate, the reduction of
substances of environmental concern, and CO2 emissions throughout the
life cycle of the vehicle from production to disposal.\"[142] 2008 marks the
ninth year for Toyota\'s Environmental Activities Grant Program which has
been implemented every year since 2000. Themes of the 2008 program consist
of \"Global Warming Countermeasures\" and \"Biodiversity Conservation.\"[143]
Since October 2006, Toyota\'s new Japanese-market vehicle models with
automatic transmissions are equipped with an Eco Drive Indicator. The
system takes into consideration rate of acceleration, engine and
transmission efficiency, and speed. When the vehicle is operated in a
fuel-efficient manner, the Eco Drive Indicator on the instrument panel,
lights up. Individual results vary depending on traffic issues, starting
and stopping the vehicle, and total distance traveled, but the Eco Drive
Indicator may improve fuel efficiency by as much as 4%.[144] Along with
Toyota\'s eco-friendly objectives on production and use, the company plans
to donate US$1 million and five vehicles to the Everglades National Park.
The money will be used to fund environmental programs at the park. This
donation is part of a program which provides US$5 million and 23 vehicles
for five national parks and the National Parks Foundation.[145] However new
figures from the United States National Research Council show that the
continuing hidden health costs of the auto industry to the US economy in
2005 amounted to US$56 million.[146]
The United States EPA has awarded Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing
North America, Inc (TEMA) with an ENERGY STAR Sustained Excellence Award
in 2007, 2008 and 2009[147][148][149]
In 2007, Toyota\'s Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) fleet average of
26.69 mpg-US (8.81 L/100 km; 32.05 mpg-imp) exceeded all other major
manufactures selling cars within the United States. Only Lotus Cars, which
sold the Elise and Exige (powered by Toyota\'s
2ZZ-GE engine), did better
with an average of 30.2 mpg-US (7.8 L/100 km; 36.3 mpg-imp).[150]
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