课时作业1:Period Three Grammar and Writing

2023年12月20日发(作者：大众带字母的车有几款及价格)

Period Three Grammar & Writing

学习目标

My job is collecting information for a

database about Mount Kilauea，...

Having worked hard all day，I went to

bed early.

现在分词

I was appointed as a volcanologist

working for the Hawaiian Volcano

Observatory twenty years ago.

2.写作 关于描写文

Grammar

动词的-ing形式

观察体验

1．Playing_with_fire is dangerous.

玩火非常危险。

2．The dinner looks inviting.

饭菜看起来很诱人。

3．You had better avoid going_there.

你最好不要去那里。

4．The building being_built_now is a hospital.

现在正建的那座建筑是一家医院。

5．He saw the children playing_in_the_yard.

他看到孩子们在操场上玩。

6．Turning_around，she saw a car driving up.

转过身，她看到一辆车开上来。

7．Generally_speaking，the Chinese prefer tea to coffee.

通常说来，中国人喜欢茶远胜过咖啡。

语法精析

一、v.-ing 的形式

一般式：doing

一般被动式：being done

完成式：having done

动名词

1.语法 动词的-ing形式

完成被动式：having been done

二、v.-ing 的意义

根据v.-ing形式在句中所作成分的不同，可分为动名词和现在分词。当v.-ing 在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语时，叫作动名词，这时v.-ing 具有名词或形容词特征。当v.-ing 在句中作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语时，叫作现在分词，这时v.-ing 具有形容词、副词和动词特征。v.-ing形式作表语和定语时，如何区分是动名词还是现在分词？

1．动名词和现在分词作表语

动名词作表语时，表示一般的概念，其主语多为抽象名词(wish，need)。

Her job is looking after the patients.(动名词作表语)

她的工作是照顾病人。

现在分词作表语具有形容词特征，也可以作为形容词，表示“令人……”。

The situation here is inspiring.(现在分词作表语)

这里的形势令人鼓舞。

2．动名词和现在分词作定语

动名词作定语常说明所修饰词表示某种用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面。

a washing machine＝a machine which is used for washing洗衣机

a reading room＝a room for reading阅览室

现在分词作定语表示主动、正在进行的动作，单个的现在分词作定语常放在被修饰词的前面，短语作定语多置于被修饰词后面，只用一般式。

the rising sun＝the sun which is rising正在升起的太阳

a moving movie＝a film which is moving people感人的电影

The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river.

＝The bridge which is being (being done表示正在被建)

现在正在建造的大桥是跨这条河的第三座了。

3．动名词作主语

动名词作主语往往表示泛指的、一般的行为。

Climbing mountains is great fun.

爬山是非常有趣的事。

动名词(短语)作主语有时用it作形式主语，把动名词短语置于句尾。常见于以下句型：

It’s＋ no use

no good

no fun

useless

a waste of time/money

worthwhile

＋doing

4．动名词作宾语

常见的跟动名词作宾语的动词有(口诀)：

避免错过(少)延期avoid/miss/delay

建议完成(多)练习suggest/advise/finish/practise

喜欢想象禁不住enjoy/appreciate/imagine/resist/can’t help

承认否定(与)嫉妒admit/deny/envy

逃脱冒险(莫)原谅escape/risk/pardon/excuse

忍受保持 (不) 在意stand/keep/keep on/mind

5．现在分词作宾语补足语

现在分词作宾补和宾语在逻辑上有主动关系，强调动作正在进行。

He found himself lying on the ground when he came to himself.

当他苏醒过来，他发现自己正躺在地上。

常见的跟现在分词作宾语补足语的词有：

感官类动词：see，watch，notice，hear，look at，listen to，have，get，keep，find等。

注意 let，make不跟现在分词作宾语补足语。

6．现在分词作状语

现在分词作状语可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随、方式等，也可作评论性状语。

一般式doing往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。完成式having done往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。

Hearing the news，they all jumped for joy.

听到这个消息他们都高兴地跳起来了。

Having finished his speech，he answered our questions.

演讲结束后，他回答了我们的问题。

一般被动式being done 强调状语的动作与主语是被动关系，且正在进行。完成被动式having

been done 强调时间先后，表示的动作在谓语动词之前已经完成，且状语动作与主语是被动关系。

Being used by me now，the bike can’t be lent to you.

由于我正在使用，这辆自行车不能借给你。

Having been used for many years，the bike needs repairing.

已经使用了多年了，这辆自行车需要修理。

7．现在分词作评论性状语。有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。常见的有：

generally speaking一般说来

strictly speaking严格说来

roughly speaking大致说来

narrowly speaking狭义上说

judging from/by由……判断

Judging from her accent，she must come from Australia.

从她的口音判断，她一定来自澳大利亚。

8．v.-ing 的逻辑主语

如果句子的主语不是v.-ing形式的逻辑主语，这时v.-ing形式前可以加一个代词或名词充当自己的主语，动名词的这种结构称为复合结构，基本结构为：①物主代词/名词所有格＋动名词；②作宾语时可用人称代词宾语或名词＋动名词；现在分词的这种结构称为独立主格结构，基本结构为名词/人称代词主格＋现在分词。

Mary’s coming late made her teacher angry.

玛丽迟到使她老师很生气。

Do you mind my/me smoking？你介意我吸烟吗？

It raining hard，we had to stay at home.(由于)天在下雨，我们只得待在家里。

实践应用

Ⅰ.句型转换

1．Because he was ill，he didn’t go to school.

Being ill，he didn’t go to school.

2．When she was walking along the street one day，she met an old friend of hers.

Walking along the street one day，she met an old friend of hers.

3．If it is sunny，we’ll go for a picnic tomorrow.

It being sunny，we’ll go for a picnic tomorrow.

4．After she had finished her homework，the little girl began to watch TV.

Having finished her homework，the little girl began to watch TV.

5．Because they had been warned by the teacher，they didn’t make such mistakes.

Having been warned by the teacher，they didn’t make such mistakes.

6．As it was a holiday，all the shops were shut.

It being a holiday，all the shops were shut.

7．When he was still a small boy，he went to France with his father.

Being a small boy，he went to France with his father.

8．When autumn comes，swallows go to the south.

Autumn coming，swallows go to the south.

Ⅱ.单项填空

1．Lionel Messi，________ the record for the most goals in a calendar year，is considered the most

talented football player in Europe.(2013·江苏，24)

A．set B．setting

C．to set D．having set

答案 D

解析 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：在一个日历年度创下了最多的进球纪录，莱昂内尔·梅西被认为是欧洲最有天赋的足球运动员。由句意知，“创纪录”在先，“被认为是最有才华的足球运动员”在后，故用现在分词的完成式。

2．________which university to attend，the girl asked her teacher for advice.(2013·四川，8)

A．Not knowing B．Knowing not

C．Not known D．Known not

答案 A

解析 句意为：因为不知道该上哪所大学，女孩求助于老师。句子主语the girl和动词know之间是主谓关系，所以应该用动词-ing形式作状语，而动词-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not，所以选A，从而排除B和表示动宾关系的C和D。

3．________ the course very difficult，she decided to move to a lower level.(2013·北京，24)

A．Find B．Finding

C．To find D．Found

答案 B

解析 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：发现这门课程很难，她决定转向难度更低的课程。本句主语she与find之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语。

4．Laura was away in Paris for over a she got home，there was a pile of mail

________ for her.(2013·辽宁，28)

A．waited B．to wait

C．waiting D．was waiting

答案 C

解析 考查非谓语动词。句意为：Laura出差巴黎一周多，当她回家时，有一堆邮件在等着她。waited为过去分词，表示被动或完成；to wait为不定式，表示未发生的动作；waiting为现在分词，表示主动和正在进行；was waiting为过去进行时的谓语部分，而句中不缺少谓语。

5．________ at the cafeteria before，Tina didn’t want to eat there again.(2013·山东，33)

A．Having eaten B．To eat

C．Eat D．Eating

答案 A

解析 考查非谓语动词作状语。句意为：以前在那家自助餐吃过饭，蒂娜不想再去那里吃了。解答本题的关键是分析句子结构。句子的主语Tina与eat构成主动关系，需用doing；再根据句中的关键词before知“eat”这一动作发生在主句谓语动词“didn’t want”之前，故用doing的完成形式having done，因此本题选having eaten。

6．The man insisted ________ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.

A．find B．to find

C．on finding D．in finding

答案 C

解析 insist后要么接that从句，要么接on sth.或on doing sth.，所以选C。insist on doing坚持要做某事。

7．The old man，________ abroad for twenty years，is on the way back to his motherland.

A．to work B．working

C．to have worked D．having worked

答案 D

解析 因work abroad for twenty years发生在谓语动作(返回祖国)之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。

8．Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.

A．run B．running

C．being run D．to run

答案 B

解析 因句中的the water与run是主动关系，故选B。leave sth.意为“使某物一直在做某事”。

9．“We can’t go out in this weather，” said Bob，______ out of the window.

A．looking B．to look

C．looked D．having looked

答案 A

解析 looking out of the window为现在分词短语作伴随状语。

10．________ his mobile phone number，I had some difficulty getting in touch with Jackie.

A．Not having known B．Having not known

C．Knowing not D．Not knowing

答案 A

解析 I与know之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，且not know这一动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，故用现在分词的完成式，其否定形式是在其前加not。

11．Having been ill in bed for nearly a month，he had a hard time ________ the exam.

A．pass B．to pass

C．passed D．passing

答案 D

解析 have a hard time/difficulty (in) doing sth.意为“在做某事方面有困难”。

12．________ the programme，they have to stay there for another two weeks.

A．Not completing

B．Not completed

C．Not having completed

D．Having not completed

答案 C

解析 首先，非谓语动词的否定式要将not，never等放在非谓语动词的前面，所以不能选D项；其次，由于“没有完成”与“决定再呆两周”有先后关系，故用现在分词的完成式。

13．________ all things into consideration，I dare to say I can finish it in time.

A．Being taken B．Taken

C．Taking D．To take

答案 C

解析 I与take之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用v.-ing形式作状语，表条件。

14．________ such heavy pollution already，it may now be too late to clean up the river.

A．Having suffered B．Suffering

C．To suffer D．Suffered

答案 A

解析 本句考查现在分词的完成式作状语。句意为：遭受如此严重的污染之后，现在净化这条河也许为时已晚了。有already暗示可知suffer发生在clean up之前，因此要用现在分词的完成式作状语。

15．A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ________ in the kitchen.

A．smoke B．smoking

C．to smoke D．smoked

答案 B

解析 find后面可以接由“宾语＋现在分词/过去分词/不带to的不定式”构成的复合宾语结构。现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，不定式表示动作未发生。根据句意“如果厨师被发现在厨房吸烟，立即就会被解雇”可知cook与smoke之间是主动关系，应用现在分词。find

sth.意为“发现某人正在做某事”。

Writing

写作导练

一、描写文概述

描写文是一种用生动、形象的语言对人物、景物、事物等特征和性质进行描述的写作形式。

叙述与描写常常是结合的。因此描写文可分为主观描写与客观描写。主观描写是作者在描述人或事物时，把自己的看法、观点表达出来。而客观描写只限于就事论事。如：The mountain

is beautiful.(主观描写)

The mountain is almost 800 meters high.(客观描写)

二、描写文写作技巧

描写文的写作要注意突出主题，既要有想象力又要有观察力。在根据要点或图表写作时，要注意组织语言，可以先写衬托主题的内容，最后揭示主题。这样文章结构既紧凑又有层次感，同时也能顺理成章地表达作者的态度与观点。

时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。

在写作过程中，作者可以按空间位置顺序，由远及近，由上及下，由外到内，由前到后组织材料；也可以按视线转移的顺序组织材料，先看到的先写，后看到的后写。

无论是描写人物、事物、景色，还是别的现象，最好不要面面俱到，也不要作泛泛描述，应该选择典型情节和特征，或是有别于他人、他事的特点和事实进行重点描写。

写作内容

请你根据实际情况，以“My School Life”为题写一篇英语短文，来介绍一下你的校园生活。

参考词汇：广播broadcast

学生习作

My School Life

I’m a middle school student，though our school is very usual，it’s beautiful in my

school is covered with tall trees and beautiful flowers.

The air here is very the morning，lots of schoolmatesgo to school early and do some

morning y we have breakfast after the first class.

All of schoolmates take exerciseson the playground after two the school broadcast

begins which brings us some news about our favourite stars，music and so the time，someoneare reading in the library，some students are playing and talking on the playground and

some back to have three classes in the afternoon and do some sport that we like

after school and go home at about 6∶! How colorful the school life is!

名师点评

这是一篇描述文，描写了自己的学校以及同学们在学校的活动。文章条理清楚，句子连贯。但有几处需注意的地方：

①usual意思是“通常的”，这儿要用common意为“普通的”。

⑤④③②①

②schoolmate指校友、同学，通常不包含自己在内，文中最好用students指全校学生。

③“All of schoolmates take exercises”应改为“All students do morning exercises”。

④At the time要说At the same time。

⑤someone意思是“某人”，要改为some students。

改后文章

My School Life

I’m a middle school student，though our school is very common，it’s beautiful in my

school is covered with tall trees and beautiful flowers.

The air here is very the morning，lots of students go to school early and do some morning

y we have breakfast after the first students do morning exercises on the

playground after two the school broadcast begins which brings us some news about

our favourite stars，music and so the same time，some students are reading in the library，some students are playing and talking on the playground and some back to have

three classes in the afternoon and do some sport that we like after school and go home at about

6∶！How colorful the school life is!