2024年3月7日发(作者：宝马525二手价格)

Economica(2010)77,1–19doi:10.1111/idualandCorporateSocialResponsibilityNABOUwandJEANTIROLEzByROLANDBEwPrincetonUnivery’sdemandsforindividualandcorporatesocialresponsibilityasalternativeresponsesonrecentdevelopmentsinthepsychologyandeconomicsofprosociallinkindividualconcernstocorporatesocialresponsibility,contrastingthreepossibleunderstandingsoftheterm:?rms’adoptionofamorelong-termperspective,thedelegatedexerciseofprosocialbehaviouronbehalfofstakeholders,ussthebene?ts,costsandlimUCTIONEconomists’viewisiblehandofthemarket,describedinAdamSmith,harnessesconsumers’andcorporations’pursuitofself-interesttothepursuitofef?tecorrectsmarketfailureswheneverexternalitiesstandinthewayofef?ciency,andredistributesincomeandwealth,astheincomeandwealthdistributiongeneratedbymarketshasnoreasonto?tsociety’strializeddemocracies,muchofthepoliticalspectrumhasconvergedonthisdivisionoflabour,albeitwithsomesharpdivergencesofopinionastotherelativerolesofthemarketandthestate.1Textbookeconomicshasthuslongembracedtheshareholder-valueapproach,whichpositsthat?rmsshouldbecontrolledbypro?t-maximizingsharehoolders’insulationfrommanagerialdecisionsoperatesthrough?xednominalclaims(wagesandseverancepay,?xeddebtrepaymentcombinedwithpriorityandcollateral,etc.)andexitoptionsassociatedwithgeneraltraining,?teissupposedtostepinonlywhensatisfactorycontractingsolutionswouldinvolvehightransactioncostsorrequiremoresymmetryintheinformationheldbytheparties;casesinpointincludeenvironmentaltaxation,anti-trust,prudentialregulation,shell,followingPigou(1920),thestate,andnotcitizensor?rms,iety’sandlaw-makers’demandsforindividualandcorporatesocialresponsibilityasanalternativeresponsetomarketandredistributivefailureshaverecentlybecomemoreprominent.2Certainly,callsforpeopletocontributetimeandmoneytogoodcauseshaveexistedthroughouthistoryandinallsocieties,fromAntiquity3to,say,eighteenthcenturyQuakers’andMennonites’movementisgainingmomentum,especiallywiththeempowermentofcivilsociety(non-governmentalorganizationsorNGOs)andtheequitable-trade/tyoffactorsprobablycombinetoaccountforthistrend:(i)socialresponsibilityislikelytobeanormalgood;(ii)informationaboutcompanies’practicesthroughouttheworldhasbecomemuchmoreaccessibleandquicktotravel;(iii)thescopeofenvironmentalandsocialexternalitiesexertedbymultinationalsinlessdeveloped,morelaxlyregulatedcountriesislikelytorTheLondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience2010

2ECONOMICA[JANUARYhaveexpandedinpacewithglobalization;(iv)thelong-runcostofatmosphericpollution(warming),oratleastthepublic’sawarenessofit,hasrisensigni?dingtosuchdemands,businessleaders,governmentsandacademicsarenowalsoemphasizingthenotionofcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR).Astandardde?nitionofCSRisthatitisaboutsacri?cingpro?retobeasacri?ce,the?rmmustgobeyonditslegalandcontractualobligations,rebyembracesawiderangeofbehaviours,suchasbeingemployee-friendly,environment-friendly,mindfulofethics,respectfulofcommunitieswherethe?rm’splantsarelocated,mes,thecallfordutyextendsbeyondthecorporation’simmediaterealmandincludessupportingthearts,itizensandcorporationsempowerthemselvesandsubstituteforelectedgovernment?A?mentfailureshavemultipleorigins:

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