Fundamental of Single-Chip Microcomputers

2023年12月6日发(作者：德国man越野房车)

自动化专业英语

结课报告

院 （系）： 电子信息与自动化学院

专 业： 自动化

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1 Fundamental of Single-Chip Microcomputers

单片机微型计算机

The single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions ofthe 20th century [1].

单片机是数字计算机和集成电路的发展的高潮，可以说是第二十世纪最重要的两项发明 [1]。

These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as

in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2.

单片机有这样两种结构类型。一些使用了哈佛结构的分离的程序/数据存储器，另一些被通用计算机和微处理器广泛采用的是普林斯顿结构，遵循在程序存储器与数据存储器之间没有逻辑区别的原理。

In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3.

概括地讲，单片机的特征是将计算机的所有部件都合并到一个单一的装置上。

Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type

图3-5A-1 哈弗类

Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer

2 图3-5A-2传统的普林斯顿计算机

Fig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputer

图3-5A-3微计算机的主要特征

Read Only Memory(ROM) ROM is usually for the permanent,non-volatile

storage of an applications microcomputers and microcontrollers are

intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the

devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently

during the manufacture of y,this implies a rigorous approach to ROM

code development since changes cannot be made after development

process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a

hardware emulation capability as well sa the use of powerful software tools.

ROM通常是用于永久的、非易失的应用程序存储。许多的微处理器或者微控制器是大批量生产的，为了省钱，要求程序在生产时就永久地固化在存储器中。显然，这就意味着ROM代码的开发必须十分精确，因为一旦生产出来就无法更改。这种开发过程包括使用一个复杂的开发系统，该系统包括硬件仿真能力以及功能强大的软件工具。

Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range

devices with (or intended for use with ) user programmable memory. The simplest of

these is usually a device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some

of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory.

This type of device can behave functionally as the single-chip microcomputer from

which it is derived albeit with restricted I/O and modified external circuit. The use of

these ROM less devices is common even in production circuits where the volume

3 does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM, there can still be a

significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor

based circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form

of variants with piggy-back EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) sockets or

devices with EPROM instead of ROM. These devices are naturally more expensive

than the equivalent ROM device, but do provide complete circuit equivalents.

EPROM based devices are also extremely attractive for low-volume applications

where they provide the advantages of a single-chip device, in terms of on-chip I/O. etc,

with the convenience of flexible user programmability.

有的制造商通过在他们的产品系列中提供（或者打算提供）附加的用户可编程的内存。其中最简单的是这么一种器件，该期间工作在微处理器模式，利用输入输出线作为地址和数据总线访问外部存储器。这种设备从单片机上派生出来，尽管带有受限制的I/O和更改过的外部电路，在功能上表现为一个单片机。无ROM的设备普遍使用，即使在产品电路中批量使得片内ROM开发成本过高，和基于微处理器的传统电路相比还是可以显著地节省I/O和其他芯片。取代ROM更为合理的一种方式，可以通过使用各种背负式EPROM（可擦写、可编程ROM）插座或者用带EPROM的器件来取代ROM。这些器件自然会比较昂贵，但是能够提供完全同等的、基于EPROM的器件对于小批量来们说也是有吸引力的，因为它们使用片内的I/O，提供了单片器件的优势并有灵活的可编程的便利。

Random Access Memory(RAM) RAM is for the storage of working variables

and data used during program execution. The size of this memory varies with device

type but it has the same characteristic width (4,8,16 bits etc.) as the processor,Special

function registers, such as stack pointer or timer register are often logically

incorporated into the RAM is also common in Harvard type microcomputers to

treat the RAM area as a collection of register;it is unnecessary to make distinction

between RAM and processor register as is done in the case of a microprocessor

system since RAM and registers are not usually physically separated separated in a

microcomputer.

读/写存储器（RAM）:RAM是用于程序执行过程中对对工作变量和数据的存储。存储器的大小随设备的类型而变，但它与处理器有相同的特征宽度（4，8，16位等）。特殊功能寄存器，例如栈指针或定时寄存器通常合并到RAM区。在哈佛类型的微计算机中，RAM和寄存器常常没有实际分离，因此在一个微处理器系统情况下，没有必要把RAM和处理器寄存器区分开。

Central Processing Unit （CPU

)

4

The CPU is much like that of any microprocessor .Many applications of microcomputers and microcontrollers involve

the handling of binary-coded decimal (BCD) data (for numerical displays,for

example)，hence it is common to find that the CPU is well adapted to handling this

type of data. It is also common to find good facilities for testing, set and resetting

individual bits of memory or I/O since many controller applications involve the

turning on and off of single output lines or the read mg the single lines are

readily interfaced to two-state devices such as switches,thermostats,solid-state

relays,calves,motor,etc.

中央处理单元（CPU）:CPU更象任何一种微处理器。微计算机和微控制器的许多应用包括BCD码的处理（例如，数据显示），因此，普遍发现CPU的数据。由于许多控制器的应用包括开或关单个输出线或读取单个线，因此对测试、设定和复位存储器或I/O的独立的位，它们通常也是很好的设备。这些线很容易与双套设备来接口，例如：开关，恒温器，固态继电器，阀，电动机，等等。

Parallel Input/Output Parallel input and output schemes vary somewhat in

different microcomputer, in most a mechanism is provided to at least allow some

flexibility of choosing which pins are outputs and which are inputs. This may apply to

all or some of the ports. Some I/O lines are suitable for direct interfacing to, for

example, fluorescent displays, or can provide sufficient current to make interfacing

other components straightforward. Some devices allow an I/O port to be configured as

a system bus to allow off-chip memory and I/O expansion. This facility is potentially

useful as a product range develops, since successive enhancements may become too

big for on-chip memory and it is undesirable not to build on the existing software

base.

并行输入/输出:具有终端设备的串行通信通用的方法是用少量的线进行连接。这种通信业可开发用于连接特殊功能的芯片或将几个微计算机连在一起。公用异步和同步通信系统要求协议能提供成帧（开始和停止）信息。这可由硬件设施或U(S)ART（通用（同步）异步接收/发送器）来使处理器从低电平、占时、细目中解脱出来。仅需选择一个波特率和其他可能的选项（停止位的数目，奇偶检验，等等）以及装载（或读取）串行发送器（或接收器）的缓冲区。相应格式的串行化再由硬件电路来完成。

Serial Input/Output Serial communication with terminal devices is a common

means of providing a link using a small number of lines. This sort of communication

can also be exploited for interfacing special function chips or linking several

microcomputers together. Both the common asynchronous and synchronous

5 communication schemes require protocols that provide framing (start and stop)

information. This can be implemented as a hardware facility or UART relieving

processor(and applications programmer) of this low-level, time-consuming, detail. It

is merely necessary to select a baud-rate and possibly other options (number of stop

bits, parity, etc.) and load (or read from) the serial transmitter (receiver) buffer.

Serialization of the data in the appropriate format is then handled by the hardware

circuit.

串行通信是一种使用很少的几条线就能实现与终端设备通信的常用方式。这种通信方式也可以开发为与一些特殊芯片的接口或者将几个微型计算机相互连接。异步和同步通信策略需要协议提供（启动、停止）帧信息。这种工作可以使用硬件或者UART来实现，可以将处理器或者应用程序从这种底层的、费时的和琐碎的工作解脱出来。用户只需要选择少数几个选项，例如波特率、停止位、奇偶校验方式，然后向串行发送（或者接收）缓冲区发送（或者读取）数据。将数据转换为串行所需的格式由硬件来完成。

Timing/Counter Facilities Many application of single-chip microcomputers

require accurate evaluation of elapsed real time. This can be determined by careful

assessment of the execution time of each branch in a program but this rapidly

becomes inefficient for all but simplest programs. The preferred approach is to

use timer circuit that can independently count precise time increments and generate

an interrupt after a preset time has elapsed. This type of timer is usually arranged

to be preloadable with the required count. The timer then decrements this

value.

and

value producing an interrupt or setting a flag when the counter reaches zero.

reload the initial count

the counter

Better timers then have the ability to automatically

This relieves the programmer of the responsibility of reloading

assessing elapsed time before the timer restarted, which otherwise wound be

necessary if continuous precisely timed interrupts were required(as in a clock,for

example). Sometimes associated with timer is an event counter. With this facility there

is usually a special input pin, that can drive the counter directly.

定时器/计数器设备:单片机的许多应用技术要求有精确估计所经过的时间。这可经仔细评定程序每一分支的执行时间来确定，但这很快会变为全部无效，除了最简单的程序。较合人意的方法是，用定时电路来精确独立计算精确的时间增量，经过一段预定时间后，产生一个中断。这种类型的定时器通常被安排去预载所要求的计数值。然后，定时器减小这一数值，当计数器减小为0时，产生一中断或设置一个标志。较好的定时器有自动再加载初始计数值的能力。这使程序员

6 从再加载计数器和存取定时器再启动前所经过的时间的责任中解脱出来。如果需要连续精确的定时中断，否则，这是必要的（例如，在一个时钟内）。有时与定时器相关的是事件计数器。这一设备通常有一特殊输入针，它可直接驱动计数器。

Timing Components The clock circuitry of most microcomputers requires

only simple timing components. If maximum performance is required, a crystal must

be used to ensure the maximum clock frequency is approached but not exceeded.

Many clock circuits also work with a resistor and capacitor as low-cost timing

components or can be driven from an external source. This latter arrangement is

useful is external synchronization of the microcomputers is required.

定时元件:大多数微计算机的时钟电路只需要简单的定时元件。若要达到最大性能，必须用一个晶体来保证达到最大时钟频率，而不是超过。许多时钟电路也把电阻和电容用作低成本定时元件或由外部源来驱动。如果微计算机的外部需要同步的话，这后一种方案是很有用的。

个人心得

经过这次课程的学习，让我对专业英语这门课程有了深入的了解，同时也学到了许多翻译的技巧。翻译首先要充分理解原文。理解是表达的前提和基础，不理解、理解不透彻或理解错误就会无法正确的表达，只有在理解之后，才能更好的进行表达，并将其内容充分的叙述出来。这个过程需要我们结合上下文，推敲单词所在语句的含义，科技文献中往往会涉及大量的专业术语、缩略词、组合词和派生词，这需要根据所学专业知识来完成。

长句的翻译，要分清层次、突出重点，搞清各分句的内容和结构。根据不同的语句情况，长句的翻译方法通常有顺序法、变序法、分句法、并局法等。

被动句的翻译，英语中某些着重被动动作的被动句，可以直接译为汉语的被动句来突出其被动意义，翻译时在谓语动词前加“由”、“给”、“受”、“加以”、“把”、“使”等。着重描述事物过程、性致和状态的英语被动句，可以译成汉语的判断句，即将谓语动词在“是...的”之间的结构。英语的被动语态有时可改译成汉语的主动语态。

否定句的翻译，必须仔细揣摩，彻底理解其意义及其否定重点，然后根据汉语的习惯来翻译。有些句在形式上是否定的，但实际上是表示肯定的意思。英语的否定有权否定和部分否定的差别，在翻译时要注意区别，同时我们也要辩清否定的对象和意义，避免误译。

名词、动词的翻译，几乎所有的语言都存在一词多译的现象，名词和动词也

7 不例外。要正确的翻译语句，应结合专业知识，在字典的帮助下，熟悉和积累常用英语专业词汇的汉语词义，在翻译过程中要灵活变通，不能随意妄加推断。

形容词的翻译，形容词在英文句子中一般做表语或修饰名词的定语，在翻译时应与所修饰的客体统一考虑，避免不必要的错误。为更好的叙述原文，对形容词的翻译可以采取词性的转换这个技巧。词性的转换技巧同样适用于其他词类，如关系代词、冠词、关系副词、分词、不定式、动名词等，拘泥于原文的词性进行完全对应的翻译往往会给翻译带来极大的不便，同时使译文难以理解。

总的来说，在这高新技术飞快发展的时代，要了解技术最新前沿，掌握专业英语的翻译技巧极为重要。掌握专业英语技能不仅是自身素质的体现，而且也能提高工作能力和工作效率。

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